Education

PhD, Biomedical Engineering (Medical Physics) (2018—2022)

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
Doctoral Supervisors: Prof Eleanor Stride & Prof Daniel Bulte
Thesis Topic: MRI of Oxygen Carriers for Tumour Hypoxia (Medical Physics)
Type of research: MRI image analysis (phantom, preclinical & clinical), experimental (phantom & preclinical), mathematical modelling. See summary of thesis here.
Clarendon Scholarship Recipient

Doctoral Training Student, Biomedical Imaging (2017—2018)

EPSRC-MRC CDT in Biomedical Imaging, University of Oxford, UK
Research Rotation Supervisors: Dr Ana Namburete & Prof Mark Jenkinson
Research Rotation Topic: Convolutional Neural Networks on Brain MRI
Type of research: MRI image analysis, computational, machine learning

BSc Medical Sciences, Honours Focus Medical Physics (2013—2017)

Department of Medical Biophysics,University of Western Ontario, Canada
Undergraduate Thesis Supervisors: Dr Jody Culham &Dr Ravi Menon
Thesis Topic: Correcting motion artefacts in fMRI

Academic Output by Topic

Please see my Google Scholar for a chronological list.

Mathematical Models for MRI

• A simplified empirical model to estimate oxygen relaxivity at different magnetic fields. E Bluemke, E Stride, D Bulte. NMR in Biomedicine, 2021. DOI:10.1002/nbm.4625

• A general model to calculate the spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) of blood, accounting for hematocrit, oxygen saturation, oxygen partial pressure, and magnetic field strength under hyperoxic conditions. E Bluemke, E Stride, D Bulte. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2021. DOI:10.1002/jmri.27938

• Modelling the effect of hyperoxia on the spin-lattice relaxation rate R1 of tissues. E Bluemke, E Stride, D Bulte. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2022. DOI:10.1002/mrm.29315

Privacy-Preserving Technology & AI Governance

• Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence. G Sastry, L Heim, H Belfield, M Anderljung, M Brundage, J Hazell, C O'Keefe, GK Hadfield, R Ngo, K Pilz, G Gor, E Bluemke, S Shoker, J Egan, RF Trager, S Avin, A Weller, Y Bengio, D Coyle. arXiv:2402.08797

• Visibility into AI Agents. A Chan, C Ezell, M Kaufmann, K Wei, L Hammond, H Bradley, E Bluemke, N Rajkumar, D Krueger, N Kolt, L Heim, M Anderljung. arXiv:2401.13138

• Towards Publicly Accountable Frontier LLMs: Building an External Scrutiny Ecosystem under the ASPIRE Framework. M Anderljung, E Thornton Smith, J O’Brien, L Soder, B Bucknall, E Bluemke, J Schuett, R Trager, L Strahm, R Chowdhury. arXiv:2311.14711

• Open-Sourcing Highly Capable Foundation Models: An Evaluation of Risks, Benefits, and Alternative Methods for Pursuing Open-Source Objectives. E Seger, N Dreksler, R Moulange, E Dardaman, J  Schuett, K. Wei, C Winter, M Arnold, S Ó hÉigeartaigh, A Korinek, M Anderljung, B Bucknall, A Chan, E Stafford, L Koessler, A Ovadya, B Garfinkel, E Bluemke, M Aird, P Levermore, J Hazell, A Gupta.

• Towards best practices in AGI safety and governance: A survey of expert opinion. J Schuett, N Dreksler, M Anderljung, D McCaffary, L Heim, E Bluemke, B Garfinkel, 2023. arXiv:2305.07153.

• Exploring the Relevance of Data Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for AI Governance Use Cases. E Bluemke, T Collins, B Garfinkel, A Trask, 2023. arXiv:2303.08956.

• Beyond Privacy Trade-offs with Structured Transparency. A Trask*, E Bluemke*, B Garfinkel, C Ghezzou Cuervas-Mons, A Dafoe. arXiv:2012.08347. 2020. *Indicates equal contributions.

• Toward Trustworthy AI Development: Mechanisms for Supporting Verifiable Claims. M Brundage, S Avin, J Wang, H Belfield, G Krueger, G Hadfield, H Khlaaf, J Yang, H Toner, R Fong, T Maharaj, PW Koh, S Hooker, J Leung, A Trask, E Bluemke, J Lebensold, C O'Keefe, M Koren, T Ryffel, JB Rubinovitz, T Besiroglu, F Carugati, J Clark, P Eckersley, S de Haas, M Johnson, B Laurie, A Ingerman, I Krawczuk, A Askell, R Cammarota, A Lohn, D Krueger, C Stix, P Henderson, L Graham, C Prunkl, B Martin, E Seger, N Zilberman, S Ó hÉigeartaigh, F Kroeger, G Sastry, R Kagan, A Weller, B Tse, E Barnes, A Dafoe, P Scharre, A Herbert-Voss, M Rasser, S Sodhani, C Flynn, T Krendl Gilbert, L Dyer, S Khan, Y Bengio, M Anderljung. arXiv:2004.07213. 2020.

Applied Machine Learning

• Learning Patterns of the Ageing Brain in MRI using Deep Convolutional Networks. NK Dinsdale*, E Bluemke,* S Smith, Z Arya, D Vidaurre, M Jenkinson, AIL Namburete. NeuroImage, 2021. *Indicates equal contributions. DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117401

• Challenges for machine learning in clinical translation of big data imaging studies. NK Dinsdale, E Bluemke, V Sundaresan, M Jenkinson, S Smith, AIL Namburete. Neuron, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.012

MRI in Clinical Radiation Oncology

• Oxygen-enhanced MRI and radiotherapy in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. E Bluemke, A Bertrand, K-Y Chu, N Syed, AG Murchison, R Cooke, T Greenhalgh, B Burns, M Craig, N Taylor, K Shah, F Gleeson, D Bulte. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology, 2022. DOI:10.1016/j.ctro.2022.100563

• Using Variable Flip Angle (VFA) and Modified Look Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) T1 Mapping in Clinical OE-MRI. E Bluemke, A Bertrand, K-Y Chu, A Murchison, T Greenhalgh, B Burns, N Taylor, K Shah, F Gleeson, D Bulte. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022. DOI:10.1016/j.mri.2022.03.001

• Oxygen-enhanced MRI MOLLI T1 mapping during chemoradiotherapy in anal squamous cell carcinoma. E Bluemke*, D Bulte*, A Bertrand, B George, R Cooke, K-Y Chu, L Durrant, V Goh, C Jacob, SM Ng, VY Strausse, MA Hawkins, R Muirhead. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology, 2020. *Indicates equal contributions. DOI:10.1016/j.ctro.2020.03.001

Other Biomedical Engineering

• Determination of oxygen relaxivity in oxygen nanobubbles at 3 and 7 Tesla. E Bluemke, L Young, J Owen, S Smart, P Kinchesh, D Bulte, E Stride. Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine (MAGMA), 2022. DOI:10.1007/s10334-022-01009-3

• Orally administered oxygen nanobubbles enhance tumor response to sonodynamic therapy. J Owen, K Logan, H Nesbitt, A Able, A Vasilyeva, E Bluemke, V Kersemans, S Smart, K Vallis, AP McHale, JF Callan, E Stride. Nano Select, 2021. DOI:10.1002/nano.202100038

Mass Spectrometry Imaging

• Textbook Chapter: Chapter 5: Ambient Laser-based Mass Spectrometry Analysis Methods: A Survey of Core Technologies and Reported Applications. A Tata, M Woolman, E Bluemke, A Zarrine-Afsar. Textbook: Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences: Principles and Applications. Elsevier, 2019. DOI:10.1016/C2018-0-02094-0

• Optimized Mass Spectrometry Analysis Workflow with Polarimetric Guidance for ex vivo and in situ Sampling of Biological Tissues. M Woolman, A Gribble, E Bluemke, J Zou, M Ventura, N Bernards, M Wu, H Ginsberg, S Das, A Vitkin, A Zarrine-Afsar. Nature Scientific Reports, 2017. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-00272-y

• An Assessment of the Utility of Tissue Smears in Rapid Cancer Profiling with Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS). M Woolman, A Tata, E Bluemke, D Dara, H Ginsberg, A Zarrine-Afsar. J Am Soc Mass Spectr, 2017. DOI:10.1007/s13361-016-1506-x

• Rapid Determination of Tumor Stroma Ratio in Squamous Cell Carcinomas with Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS): A Proof-Of-Concept Demonstration. M Woolman, A Tata, D Dara, J Meens, E D’Arcangelo, C Perez, S Prova, E Bluemke, H Ginsberg, D Ifa, A McGuigan, L Ailles, A Zarrine-Afsar. Analyst, 2017. DOI:10.1039/c7an00830a

• Variations in the Abundance of Lipid Biomarker Ions in Mass Spectrometry Images are Correlated to Tissue Density. J Bilkey, A Tata, T McKee, A Porcari, E Bluemke, M Ventura, M Eberlin, A Zarrine-Afsar. Analytical Chemistry, 2016. DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02767

• Wide-Field Tissue Polarimetry Allows Efficient Localized Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Tissues. A Tata, A Gribble, M Ventura, M Ganguly, E Bluemke, H Ginsberg, D Jaffray, D Ifa, A Vitkin, A Zarrine-Afsar. Chemical Science, 2016. DOI:10.1039/C5SC03782D

• Rapid Detection of Necrosis in Breast Cancer with Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. A Tata, M Woolman, M Ventura, N Bernards, M Ganguly, A Gribble, B Shrestha, E Bluemke, H Ginsberg, A Vitkin, J Zheng, A Zarrine-Afsar. Nature Scientific Reports, 2016. DOI:10.1038/srep35374

Pulmonary Imaging (MRI, CT)

• Three-Dimensional Segmentation of Pulmonary Artery Volume from Thoracic Computed Tomography Imaging. TJ Lindenmaier, E Bluemke, M Mura, C Licskai, L Mielniczuk, IA Cunningham, G Parraga. The International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), 2015. DOI:10.1117/12.2076639

• Automated Pulmonary Lobar Ventilation Measurements Using Volume-matched Thoracic CT and MRI. F Guo, S Svenningsen, E Bluemke, M Rajchl, J Yuan, A Fenster, G Parraga. The International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), 2015. DOI:10.1117/12.2076398

GitHub Repos

BulteGroup/OxygenRelaxivityModel

A simplified empirical model to estimate oxygen relaxivity at different main magnetic fields and temperatures.

BulteGroup/R1BloodModel

A general model to calculate the spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) of blood, accounting for haematocrit, oxygen saturation, oxygen partial pressure, & magnetic field strength.

BulteGroup/TissueR1Model

A theoretical model for estimating the oxygen-induced changes in R1 of tissues depending on the magnetic field, oxygen saturation, blood volume, hematocrit, oxygen extraction fraction, and changes in blood and tissue oxygen partial pressure.

Teaching

The Private AI Series, Course 1: Our Privacy Opportunity

Released Jan. 2021 in partnership with PyTorch, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, & United Nations Global Working Group on Big Data.
Course topics include: Data privacy and privacy-preserving data analysis techniques such as federated learning, differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, and multi-party computation.
Co-writer and Co-instructor of Course 1, with colleague Andrew Trask

Introduction to Computer Programming for PhD Students*

EPSRC-MRC Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Oxford
2018-2020: Demonstrator (helps students through coding tutorials)
2018-2019*: Guest Lecturer: Command line arguments (Python and C)
*This course won a Vice Chancellor’s Education Award 

Image Analysis/Processing Course for PhD Students

EPSRC-MRC Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Oxford
2018 & 2019: Demonstrator (helps students through coding tutorials)

Conferences & Talks

Peer-Reviewed Conference Presentations

• Modelling the effect of hyperoxia on the spin-lattice relaxation rate R1 of tissues. E Bluemke, E Stride, D Bulte. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM), London 2022.

• Using Variable Flip Angle (VFA) and Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) T1 Mapping in Clinical OE-MRI. E Bluemke, A Bertrand, K Chu, N Syed, A Murchison, T Greenhalgh, B Burns, M Craig, N Taylor, K Shah, F Gleeson, D Bulte. International Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ISMRM) 2021. (Virtual)

• Oxygen-Enhanced MOLLI T1 Mapping during Chemoradiotherapy in Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. E Bluemke, D Bulte, A Bertrand, B George, R Booke, K Chu, L Durrant, V Goh, C Jacobs, S Ng, V Strauss, M Hawkins, R Muirhead. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Sydney 2020. (Virtual)

• Assessing the effect of registration and model quality using attention gates for brain-age prediction with convolutional neural networks. N Dinsdale, E Bluemke, M Jenkinson, AIL Namburete. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Sydney 2020. (Virtual)

• A Deep Learning Model of Brain Ageing in the UK Biobank MRI. E Bluemke, S Smith, Z Arya, D Vidaurre, M Jenkinson, AIL Namburete. Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) Rome 2019.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Oxygen Micro and Nanobubbles. E Bluemke, D Bulte, P Kinchesh, S Smart, E Stride. The 25th European Symposium on Ultrasound Contrast Imaging, Rotterdam 2020.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Oxygen Carriers in Treatment of Hypoxic Tumours. E Bluemke, J Owen, E Thompson, P Kinchesh, S Smart, E Stride, D Bulte. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Montreal 2019.

• Rapid detection of necrosis in breast cancer with ex vivo and in situ mass spectrometry analysis methods. A Zarrine-Afsar, B Shrestha, A Tata, M Woolman, M Ventura, N Bernards, M Ganguly, H Ginsberg, J Zheng, E Bluemke. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017. (Presented by co-author)

• Relationship of Ventilation Heterogeneity in the Conducting and Acinar Airway Zones with 3He MRI in Elderly Never-Smokers. E Bluemke, S Svenningsen, K Sheikh, G Paulin, DG McCormack, G Parraga. American Thoracic Society 2015. (Presented by co-author)

Other Presentations

• Organisation for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) Open Science Room 2020: Privacy preserving tech: the tools for safe open data use. Open Data 2.0 Lighting talk.

• WIN-BRC Talk May 2020: Privacy-Preserving AI in Medical Imaging.

• CogX 2020: Panel Discussion on Dignity Preserving Healthcare: Privacy by Design. Web3.0 and Decentralization Stage.

• Organisation for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) Open Science Room 2020: Open Data 2.0 Emergent Discussion. Open neuroimaging data and personal data privacy: convergence or divergence?

• Google Developers Group Chennai,The DevSangamam Conference 2020: Privacy preservation in ML for Medical Imaging.

• Postgraduate British Chapter of ISMRM Symposium 2019: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Oxygen Nano-Carriers In Vitro and In Vivo. 1st Place Poster Award, 2nd Place Talk Award.

• Oxford Computer Science Conference 2019: Predicting Age from Brain MRI Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. 2nd Place Best Abstract Award.

• Oxford Biomedical Imaging Festival, University of Oxford 2018: Learning patterns of the ageing brain in MRI using deep convolutional networks. Poster.

Selected Blog Posts

• New Survey: Broad Expert Consensus for Many AGI Safety and Governance Practices. J Schuett, N Dreksler, M Anderljung, D McCaffary, L Heim, E Bluemke, B Garfinkel
  Privacy-preserving AI in Medical Imaging: Federated Learning, Differential Privacy, and Encrypted Computation. E Bluemke. OpenMined Blog, August 2019.

• Genetic Data Privacy in the Dawn of Big Data Forensics. C Ghezzou, E Bluemke, T Ryffel. April 2020.

• Privacy Preserving Data Science, Explained. (Educational Series) OpenMined Blog. May 2020.

• Privacy-Preserving Data Science, Explained by OpenMined. (Educational Series) E Bluemke, A Lopardo, A Trask, N Kang. PyTorch Blog. June 2020.